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Major Types/Models of E-commerce Practiced in Africa
Content writer,I am a tech enthusiates,ever learning and growing my knowledge.  Mar 18, 2023
Major Types/Models of E-commerce Practiced in Africa

     E-commerce has been a massive development medium for many African Countries and it's business individuals.

       So i would therefore be breaking down the major e-commerce models and types to help us better understand,how e-commerce activities are carried out through these models.

       These outlined models and types are those which i have found to be most significant, through my research process,therefore the models or types of e-commerce are not limited to these listed models.

   E-commerce business models can generally be categorized into the following categories:


Business-to-Business (B2B)

Business-to-Consumer (B2C)

Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C)

Consumer-to-Business (C2B).

Business-to-Administration/Government (B2A)(B2G)

Consumer-to-Administration (C2A)

Government - to - Business (G2B)

Government -to- Citizen (G2C)


    These models are further explained in details as follows:


1.Business - to - Business(B2B)

       A website following the B2B business model sells its products to an intermediate buyer who then sells the product to the final customer. As an example, a wholesaler places an order from a company's website and after receiving the consignment, sells the end product to the final customer who comes to buy the product at one of its retail outlets.

    Business-to-Business (B2B) e-commerce encompasses all electronic transactions of goods or services conducted ​​between companies. Producers and traditional commerce wholesalers typically operate with this type of electronic commerce.


2.Business-to-Consumer (B2C)

        The Business-to-Consumer type of e-commerce is distinguished by the establishment of electronic business relationships between businesses and final consumers. It corresponds to the retail section of e-commerce, where traditional retail trade normally operates.


    These types of relationships can be easier and more dynamic, but also more sporadic or discontinued. This type of commerce has developed greatly, due to the advent of the web, and there are already many virtual stores and malls on the Internet, which sell all kinds of consumer goods, such as computers, software, books, shoes, cars, food, financial products, digital publications, etc.


When compared to buying retail in traditional commerce, the consumer usually has more information available in terms of informative content and there is also a widespread idea that you’ll be buying cheaper, without jeopardizing an equally personalized customer service, as well as ensuring quick processing and delivery of your order.


        A website following the B2C business model sells its products directly to a customer. A customer can view the products shown on the website. The customer can choose a product and order the same. The website will then send a notification to the business organization via email and the organization will dispatch the product/goods to the customer.


3.Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C)

 E-commerce encompasses all electronic transactions of goods or services conducted ​​between consumers. Generally, these transactions are conducted through a third party, which provides the online platform where the transactions are actually carried out.

     A website following the C2C business model helps consumers to sell their assets like residential property, cars, motorcycles, etc., or rent a room by publishing their information on the website. Website may or may not charge the consumer for its services. Another consumer may opt to buy the product of the first customer by viewing the post/advertisement on the website.


          

4.Consumer - to - Business(C2B)

     In this model, a consumer approaches a website showing multiple business organizations for a particular service. The consumer places an estimate of amount he/she wants to spend for a particular service. For example, the comparison of interest rates of personal loan/car loan provided by various banks via websites. A business organization who fulfills the consumer's requirement within the specified budget, approaches the customer and provides its services.

.Consumer-to-Business (C2B)

           In C2B there is a complete reversal of the traditional sense of exchanging goods. This type of e-commerce is very common in crowdsourcing based projects. A large number of individuals make their services or products available for purchase for companies seeking precisely these types of services or products.


Examples of such practices are the sites where designers present several proposals for a company logo and where only one of them is selected and effectively purchased. Another platform that is very common in this type of commerce are the markets that sell royalty-free photographs, images, media and design elements, such as iStockphoto.


   5.Business-to-Administration (B2A)/(B2G)

This part of e-commerce encompasses all transactions conducted online between companies and public administration. This is an area that involves a large amount and a variety of services, particularly in areas such as fiscal, social security, employment, legal documents and registers, etc. These types of services have increased considerably in recent years with investments made in e-government.

          Business - to - Government

B2G model is a variant of B2B model. Such websites are used by governments to trade and exchange information with various business organizations. Such websites are accredited by the government and provide a medium to businesses to submit application forms to the government.


6.Consumer-to-Administration (C2A)

The Consumer-to-Administration model encompasses all electronic transactions conducted between individuals and public administration.


7. Government - to - Business(G2B)

Governments use B2G model websites to approach business organizations. Such websites support auctions, tenders, and application submission functionalities.


8.Government - to - Citizen(G2C)

Governments use G2C model websites to approach citizen in general. Such websites support auctions of vehicles, machinery, or any other material. Such website also provides services like registration for birth, marriage or death certificates. The main objective of G2C websites is to reduce the average time for fulfilling citizen’s requests for various government services.


     Finally,a better understanding of these Models and Types of e-commerce help us to be able to differentiate between them and also for us to know which of these models we function under.

    


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This article delves into the advantages and drawbacks of this phenomenon, shedding light on how it has revolutionized convenience for consumers while posing challenges to businesses in Nigeria.


The Rise of Delivery as a Service in Nigeria:

The advent of technology, coupled with the increasing accessibility to the internet, has paved the way for the growth of delivery services in Nigeria. From food delivery to e-commerce packages, consumers now have the convenience of receiving goods and services at their doorstep, saving time and effort.


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4. Inability to track goods being delivered: There’s a common concern from clients in the area of not being able to track the delivery agent’s dispatch rider, so as to know the possible time frame that the goods will be delivered. This is because most of these dispatch rider can only mostly be contacted via a phone call and hence whatever the rider tells you about his location is what you have to belief.


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 2.Evaluate the sellability of your product


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3.Availability of the product


   How fast and how easily accessible are your products,don't sell a product that you are not sure where to restock from when you run out of products,and also don't sell products that's their raw materials are relatively scarce.tbis could be detrimental if not thoroughly considered.


4.Thoroughly study your competitors


    Here the SWOT analysis could be very strategic to execute this,so as to have a competitive advantage and not be thrown out of business by your competitors.

 this also helps you to differentiate your business from your competitors business and amplify to your audience the benefits of your own brand overs theirs.


5.Write a business plan

  

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6.Choose a business name and logo


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   An online business or store can be very easy and yet complicated to start if the right measures are not taken,so build your brand through these precise and yet simplified ways.


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CEOafricastartupfounder challengeforum

Background


Many would agree that Africa is the future of the world. With a growing young population coupled with rapid urbanization and fast-growing consumer expenditure, Africa offers attractive opportunities for entities wishing to expand into new frontier markets. Retailing contributions to GDP across the region continue to increase, indicating that the region is consumption driven. According to Euromonitor International, retail sales in the region amounted to over USD500 billion in 2018. Key retailing markets include South Africa, Egypt, Morocco, and Algeria.


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Consumption in Africa is expected to continue increasing year over year. A Deloitte Consumer Review states, “At a time when many emerging economies are slowing, Africa is the second-fastest growing economic region behind Asia.”


Introduction


In Morocco, it’s known as a hanout. In Egypt, it’s a bakkal. In Kenya, it’s a duka. In South Africa, it’s a spaza. In the Yoruba language of Southwest Nigeria, it’s an oja. In the Baoule language of Center Cote D’Ivoire, it is called Gwa bo. By whatever name, the traditional retailer is the cornerstone of socioeconomic systems across Africa. Despite the advance of supermarkets, convenience stores, and other modern formats, African consumers on average continue to buy more than 70% of their food, beverages, and personal care products from the continent’s more than 2.5 million small, independent shops.


Africa is made up of a combination of traditional and modern retailing channels.  These channels vary by market and are influenced by factors such as economy, state of development, consumer preferences and local culture.


The Challenges


Yet traditional retail in Africa faces many imposing challenges, including the expansion of modern retail, the nascent rise of e-commerce, and changes in consumer behavior that were accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic. So, what does the future hold? For answers, we studied more than 4,500 small retailers in five of the biggest African markets: Egypt, Kenya, Morocco, Nigeria, and South Africa.


Despite the proliferation of modern retail channels in Africa, traditional and informal retailing dominates due to lack of infrastructure. Traditional channels include independent retailing channels such as small grocers and kiosks.  When compared to modern retailers, these outlets offer convenience, flexible trading times, accessibility and lower-priced products.  Traditional channels such as Dukas in Kenya and spaza shops in South Africa have been molded to cater to the buying patterns, purchasing power and product preferences of consumers.


The opportunity


“About half of the world’s fastest-growing economies will be located on the continent, with 20 economies expanding at an average rate of 5% or higher over the next five years, faster than the 3.6% rate for the global economy,” writes Brahima Coulibaly, director of Brookings’ Africa Growth Initiative.

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“Countries are realizing they need to trade more with others because of an expected increase in revenues and jobs creation, especially for the youth. Intra-African trade is expected to rise to 53.3%, meaning that revenues will increase.” – Vera Songwe, the Executive Secretary of the UN Economic Commission for Africa (ECA).


The Rise of Brands

The emerging middle-class consumer is increasingly brand conscious. Consumer spending is still mostly concentrated in the informal sector of roadside stalls and town markets. However, in East Africa there is already a discernible shift from informal to formal retail.

As retail moves from informal to formal, companies like Walmart and The Carrefour Group are expanding their reach across the continent. Walmart bought a 51% stake in South African retailer Massmart Holdings Ltd. in 2010. Despite some setbacks and leadership changes, Walmart intends to expand the brand with 47 new stores between 2019 and 2021.


The African Development Bank estimates there will be 2.1 trillion USD in consumer spending up for grabs by 2025. Services brands like food and beverage, telecom and banking should be paid attention.

Sub-Saharan Africa has several of the world’s fastest-growing economies. Ethiopia tops this list with an expected 8.5% growth rate for 2019. Since the start of the new millennium, sub-Saharan African nations’ GDP continues to grow at a rate faster than the global average.

To ensure that the retail sector gets more attention and attracts more investment, it is important that the sons and daughters of Africa take bold initiatives, focusing on pragmatism and the sense of real development. By ranking the retail sectors including actors, we will contribute to building the future of the next generation of professionals across the African continent.


The African Market on The Rise

Africa is the market to watch. Africa is filled with innovators. For example, tech startups increased by 40% between 2016 to 2018 and 22% of the working age population are establishing new businesses. Instead of lamenting poor infrastructure, African entrepreneurs are finding clever solutions to get things done. Thus, urbanization, a young and technology embracing population, and improving infrastructure all indicate that Africa is poised for growth and global influence.


Africa has the fastest rate of urbanization in the world. More than 40% of its population is currently living in urban centers. By 2030, Africa’s 18 largest cities will have a combined spending power of $1.3 trillion. Additionally, Africa has as many cities with one million inhabitants as North America.


The Rise of The African Middle Class


Consumption in Africa is expected to continue increasing year over year. A Deloitte Consumer Review states, “At a time when many emerging economies are slowing, Africa is the second-fastest growing economic region behind Asia.”

Moreover, Africa is on track to become the continent with the world’s youngest population. Approximately 70% of Africans are presently under the age of 30. Youth account for around 20% of the population. Fifty three percent of African income earners are between 16 – 34 years old. This is an age group known for their awareness of and eagerness to consume new products.


Moving Forward: What is Next for Retail In Africa? 


Africa is the market to watch. Africa is filled with innovators. For example, tech startups increased by 40% between 2016 to 2018 and 22% of the working age population are establishing new businesses. Instead of lamenting poor infrastructure, African entrepreneurs are finding clever solutions to get things done. Thus, urbanization, a young and technology embracing population, and improving infrastructure all indicate that Africa is poised for growth and global influence.


References

Chelica Hiltunen (2019). Retail in Africa: Interesting Facts and Emerging Trends. LinkedIn: https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/ng/Documents/consumer-business/the-deloitte-consumer-review-africa-a-21st-century-view.pdf

https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/retail-africa-interesting-facts-emerging-trends-chelica-hiltunen/

Masmart powered by Walmart. Our Operating Model. https://www.massmart.co.za/our-business-model/

Population Connection. https://populationconnection.org/african-urbanization/

McKinsey & Company (2015). Winning in Africa’s consumer market. Our Insights: https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/consumer-packaged-goods/our-insights/winning-in-africas-consumer-market

World Bank Blogs (2022). Youth Bulge: A Demographic Dividend or a Demographic Bomb in Developing Countries? https://blogs.worldbank.org/developmenttalk/youth-bulge-a-demographic-dividend-or-a-demographic-bomb-in-developing-countries

Reinaldo Fiorini, Damian Hattingh, Ally Maclaren, Bill Russo, and Ade Sun-Basorun of McKinsey & Company (2013). Africa’s growing giant: Nigeria’s new retail economy. Our Insights: https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/growth-marketing-and-sales/our-insights/africas-growing-giant-nigerias-new-retail-economy

Business Tech (2018). These are the biggest shopping malls in South Africa. https://businesstech.co.za/news/business/246279/these-are-the-biggest-shopping-malls-in-south-africa/

Hannah Walhout (2021). The Top 10 Cities in Africa and the Middle East. Travel+Leisure. https://www.travelandleisure.com/worlds-best/cities-in-africa-middle-east

Prof. Landry Signe (2018). Africa Consumer’s Market Potential: Trends, drivers, opportunities, and strategies. Africa Growth Initiative at Brookings: https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Africas-consumer-market-potential.pdf This report was written in collaboration with Chelsea Johnson, Fellow at the London School of Economics and Political Science. Prof. Landry Signe: David M. Rubenstein Fellow, Africa Growth Initiative, Brookings Institution; Distinguished Fellow, Center for African Studies, Stanford University; Andrew Carnegie Fellow, Carnegie Corporation of New York; and Chairman, The Global Network for Africa's Prosperity.

Nqobile Dludla (2019). UPDATE 2-Massmart to focus Africa expansion plans on Kenya, Zambia. REUTERS. https://www.reuters.com/article/massmart-results/update-2-massmart-to-focus-africa-expansion-plans-on-kenya-zambia-idUSL5N20N0QJ

Yinka Adegoke (2019). Africa will have some of the world’s fastest-growing economies in 2019—and a looming debt crisis. Quartz : https://qz.com/africa/1522126/african-economies-to-watch-in-2019-and-looming-debt

Christabel Ligami (2019). Africa’s free trade area: the journey begins. Africa Renewal: https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/august-november-2019/africa%E2%80%99s-free-trade-area-journey-begins

The Future of Retail in Africa. https://www.trendwatching.com/quarterly/2018-05/future-retail-africa


Apr 26, 2023

sandra mushambokazi

In recent years, e-commerce platforms have gained significant traction in Africa, driven by increased internet penetration, a growing middle class, and a rise in mobile phone usage. According to a report by Jumia, Africa's leading e-commerce platform, the continent's e-commerce market grew by 40% in 2020, despite the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.


While Western e-commerce giants like Amazon and Alibaba have made strides in the African market, local platforms have emerged to cater to the unique needs and challenges of African consumers and businesses.


One of the biggest challenges for e-commerce in Africa is logistics and infrastructure. Many parts of the continent lack reliable postal services or transportation networks, which can make it difficult to deliver goods to customers. To address this challenge, African e-commerce platforms have developed innovative solutions, such as partnering with local delivery services, using motorbikes for last-mile delivery, and offering pickup points in local shops.


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In terms of market share, Jumia is the leading e-commerce platform in Africa, with a presence in 11 countries and over 6 million active customers. However, other local platforms like Konga, MallforAfrica, and Takealot are also gaining traction in their respective markets.


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Despite the challenges and competition, African e-commerce platforms have significant potential to grow and create new opportunities for businesses and consumers. With innovations in logistics, payment security, and language options, African e-commerce platforms can continue to cater to the unique needs and challenges of the African market.


In conclusion, the growth of e-commerce platforms in Africa has been a remarkable success story, and a testament to the innovative spirit and entrepreneurship of Africans. As these platforms continue to evolve and expand, they will play an increasingly important role in driving economic growth and improving access to goods and services across the continent.


https://www.amazon.com/ 

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sandra mushambokazi

South Africa is known for its beautiful landscapes, diverse wildlife, and world-class wine. However, few people know that technology is playing a vital role in the country's wine industry. In recent years, South African winemakers have been using a range of cutting-edge technologies to produce better-quality wine, reduce waste, and improve their yields.

One of the main areas where technology is making a difference is in vineyard management. By using sensors to monitor the soil, temperature, and moisture content, winemakers can make better-informed decisions about when to irrigate, fertilize, and harvest their grapes. Drones are also being used to collect data on vine health and monitor the spread of diseases and pests.

In addition, winemakers are using technology to improve the winemaking process itself. For example, some are using digital tools to track the fermentation process and ensure that the wine is of a consistent quality. Others are using 3D printing to create customized wine barrels that are more efficient at storing and aging the wine.


These innovative approaches are not just improving the quality of South African wine. They are also helping winemakers reduce waste and increase efficiency. By using technology to optimize their production processes, winemakers can reduce their energy consumption and water usage, which is not only good for the environment but also for their bottom line.

Overall, technology is transforming the South African wine industry, enabling winemakers to produce better-quality wine more sustainably. As the industry continues to innovate and adapt, consumers can expect to see even more exciting developments in the future.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_wine

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sandra mushambokazi

Cape Verde is a small island nation off the coast of West Africa that is rapidly becoming a hub for innovation in ocean science and technology. With its vast marine resources, Cape Verde is poised to become a leader in the emerging "blue economy," which is focused on sustainable use and development of ocean resources.


One of the key drivers of Cape Verde's blue revolution is technology. From advanced fishing techniques to renewable energy systems, technology is helping the country to harness the economic potential of its oceans in a sustainable way.


According to Dr. Rui Freitas, a marine biologist and expert in ocean science at the University of Cape Verde, technology is enabling the country to take a more strategic and long-term approach to its ocean economy. "We are now able to collect and analyze data on fish stocks, ocean currents, and weather patterns in real time," he explains. "This allows us to make more informed decisions about fishing quotas, marine conservation, and other aspects of our ocean economy."


One example of this is the use of satellite technology to track the movements of fish stocks. By analyzing satellite data, Cape Verde's fishing industry is able to target specific areas where fish are abundant, reducing the need for large-scale fishing operations that can harm the marine ecosystem.


In addition to sustainable fishing, Cape Verde is also investing in renewable energy systems that utilise the power of the ocean. The country is currently developing a wave energy project that will generate electricity from the movement of the waves. "The potential for renewable energy from the ocean is enormous," says Dr. Freitas. "Not only does it provide a sustainable source of energy, but it also helps to reduce our dependence on fossil fuels."


Another key technology driving Cape Verde's blue revolution is aquaculture. By farming fish in controlled environments, Cape Verde is able to reduce pressure on wild fish stocks while also providing a reliable source of high-quality seafood. "Aquaculture is a win-win for us," says Dr. Freitas. "It provides economic benefits while also helping to preserve our marine ecosystem."


As Cape Verde continues to develop its ocean economy, it is clear that technology will play a critical role. By harnessing the power of data and innovation, the country is paving the way for a more sustainable and prosperous future.

Apr 12, 2023

Ruth Elegha

As Software as a Service (SaaS) continues to gain popularity, an increasing number of small businesses are turning to these cloud-based software solutions to improve their operations. 

SaaS applications provide businesses with access to a wide range of software solutions that are hosted and maintained by a third-party provider. 


Here are some popular SaaS apps for small businesses;


QuickBooks

QuickBooks is a cloud-based accounting software solution that is widely used by small businesses. It offers a range of features, including invoicing, expense tracking, and financial reporting. 

QuickBooks also allows for easy integration with other software applications, making it an ideal choice for small businesses looking for an accounting solution that can grow with them.


Salesforce

Salesforce is a powerful customer relationship management (CRM) software that is widely used by small businesses. It allows businesses to manage their customer relationships, track leads and sales, and manage customer service. 

Salesforce is highly customizable and can be integrated with a wide range of software applications, making it an ideal choice for small businesses looking to improve their customer management capabilities.


Mailchimp

Mailchimp is a popular email marketing software that allows businesses to easily design and send email campaigns to their customers. It offers a range of features, including email automation, landing pages, and social media advertising. 

Mailchimp also provides detailed analytics that allows businesses to track the effectiveness of their email campaigns.


Dropbox

Dropbox is a cloud-based file storage and sharing solution that is widely used by small businesses. It allows businesses to store and share files securely, making it easy for employees to access important documents from anywhere. 

Dropbox also offers a range of collaboration tools, making it an ideal choice for small businesses looking to improve their team productivity.


Zoom

Zoom is a video conferencing software that has become increasingly popular in recent years. It allows businesses to hold virtual meetings, webinars, and training sessions with employees and clients from anywhere. 

Zoom is highly reliable and easy to use, making it an ideal choice for small businesses looking to improve their communication and collaboration capabilities.


Trello

Trello is a cloud-based project management solution that is widely used by small businesses. It allows businesses to manage projects and tasks, assign team members, and track progress. 

Trello also offers collaboration tools, making it easy for teams to work together and share ideas.


Canva

Canva is a popular graphic design software that allows businesses to easily create professional-looking designs for their marketing materials, social media posts, and website. 

It offers a range of templates and design tools that make it easy for businesses to create high-quality graphics without any design experience.


Hootsuite

Hootsuite is a social media management software that allows businesses to manage and schedule their social media posts from a single dashboard. 

It also provides detailed analytics that allows businesses to track the effectiveness of their social media campaigns.


Conclusion

In conclusion, SaaS applications provide small businesses with access to a wide range of software solutions that can help them improve their operations and grow their business. From accounting software to project management solutions, social media management software, and email marketing software, there are many popular SaaS apps that are ideal for small businesses. By choosing the right SaaS applications for their business needs, small businesses can save time, increase productivity, and improve their bottom line.

Mar 29, 2023
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