You might think, “I use public wi-fi all the time, and I’ve never had a problem!” Sure, not that you know of, at least. The worrisome truth is—in tandem with the growing remote-worker population—cyberattacks are also on the rise and anyone using public wi-fi is at risk. In a Global Risk Report published in 2020, cyberattacks were named the fifth top-rated risk for companies across public and private sectors, and those attacks are expected to climb in ranking soon. The FBI reported 791,790 complaints of suspected internet crime in 2020—which is 300,000 more than reported in 2019—and estimated the financial toll at more than $4.2 billion. Protecting yourself from the risks of public wi-fi has never been more imperative. This is essential for businesses and individuals in virtually every industry, although some are much more vulnerable than others. The widespread availability of public Wi-Fi has revolutionized the way we connect to the internet, making it easier than ever to stay online no matter where we are. However, as convenient as public Wi-Fi can be, it also poses significant risks to users' privacy and security. In this article, we will explore the risks and shortcomings of using public Wi-Fi and how unsecured networks can leave users vulnerable to cybercrime. Risks of using public Wi-Fi: Public Wi-Fi networks are generally unsecured, which means that anyone who is connected to the same network can potentially intercept and read the data being transmitted between devices. This opens the door to a variety of cybercrimes, such as interception attacks, man-in-the-middle attacks, snooping, and malware infection.  *Interception attacks* occur when a cybercriminal intercepts the communication between two devices and alters it to their advantage. For example, they could intercept a login credential, such as a password, and use it to gain access to sensitive information.  *Man-in-the-middle attacks* are similar to interception attacks, but involve the att

Sometimes when we disagree on something we believe so firmly, we deny any other perspective. A cognitive bias is an error in thinking that occurs when we are processing and interpreting information. Oftentimes, they are a result of the brain’s attempt to make  information processing easier. Our brain creates rules of thumb to help us make sense of the world and reach decisions with relative speed. Unfortunately, the process of speeding up the decision process can sometimes lead to errors. When it comes to investing, cognitive biases can make our investing behavior illogical. This can lead us to make undesirable financial or investment choices because we draw incorrect conclusions based on some of the thinking errors our brain is making to arrive at those decisions. To be a successful investor over the long term, we need to understand, and hopefully overcome, some of these common cognitive biases. Doing so can lead to better decision making, which may help lower risk and improve investment returns over time. Here, we highlight four prominent behavioral biases common among investors. In particular, we look atloss aversion, anchoring bias, herd instinct, overconfidence bias, and confirmation bias. Confirmation Bias Confirmation bias is the tendency to seek out information that confirms our existing beliefs and ignore information that contradicts them. In trading, this can lead to a trader only seeking out information that supports their bullish or bearish outlook on a particular asset, and ignoring data that suggests otherwise. To overcome confirmation bias, traders need to actively seek out information that challenges their beliefs and consider all possible outcomes. One strategy is to keep a trading journal where you can document your thoughts and feelings about trades, and review them later to assess whether you were influenced by confirmation bias. Anchoring Bias Anchoring bias is the tendency to rely too heavily on the first piece of information encou

Blockchain technology is a term that has been gaining a lot of attention in recent years. It has been dubbed by some as the "next big thing" in technology, with the potential to revolutionize industries and transform the way we interact with each other. Blockchain is a type of digital ledger that allows people to store and track information in a secure and transparent way. The information on a blockchain is stored in blocks that are linked together in a chain, hence the name "BLOCKCHAIN" What is Blockchain Technology? Blockchain technology is a decentralized and distributed ledger technology that allows transactions to be recorded and verified without the need for a central authority. It is a digital ledger that is used to store data in a way that is secure, transparent, and immutable. This means that instead of being controlled by a single entity, like a government or a corporation, it is maintained by a network of users. These users all have a copy of the blockchain, and they work together to verify and validate transactions on the network.  It was first introduced in 2008 as a core component of Bitcoin, the first-ever cryptocurrency.But blockchain technology can be used for a wide range of other purposes as well, from tracking supply chains to storing medical records. How Does Blockchain Technology Work? At its core, a blockchain is a series of blocks that are linked together in a chronological and immutable chain. Each block contains a unique cryptographic hash, a timestamp, and a list of transactions. The hash is a mathematical function that takes data of any size and generates a fixed-size output. This output, known as a hash, is unique to the input data and cannot be reversed to recreate the original data. When a user initiates a transaction on the blockchain, the transaction is broadcasted to a network of nodes (computers) connected to the blockchain network. These nodes are responsible for verifying and validating the transaction to ensure that it

Cryptocurrencies, such as Bitcoin, have experienced significant price fluctuations since their inception in 2009. These fluctuations have become more extreme in recent years, leading to questions about their potential impact on the global financial markets and the wider economy. In this article, we will explore how fluctuations in cryptocurrency prices affect global financial markets and trade, and the potential impact they may have on the wider economy. The Rise of Cryptocurrencies Bitcoin was the first cryptocurrency to be created in 2009. Since then, there has been an explosion of new cryptocurrencies, with over 4,000 currently in circulation. The growth of cryptocurrencies has been driven by several factors, including the desire for decentralized currencies that are not subject to government control, the potential for fast and cheap transactions, and the ability to use them for illegal activities, such as money laundering and drug trafficking. Fluctuations in Cryptocurrency Prices One of the defining features of cryptocurrencies is their volatility. Cryptocurrency prices can fluctuate rapidly, often in response to news events or changes in sentiment. For example, in late 2017, the price of Bitcoin reached an all-time high of nearly $20,000. However, by early 2018, the price had fallen by over 80%, to less than $4,000. The price of Bitcoin, the world's largest cryptocurrency by market capitalization, experienced significant volatility in 2021. Bitcoin started the year at around $29,000 and reached an all-time high of nearly $65,000 in mid-April before experiencing a sharp sell-off in May and June. It's worth noting that cryptocurrency prices are also influenced by a wide range of external factors such as microeconomics condition,global events, and geopolitical tensions As a result,predicting cryptocurrency prices can be challenging and investors should always exercise caution and conduct thorough research before investing in cryptocurrency. The Impact on Fi

Staking generally refers to the act of holding and locking up a certain amount of cryptocurrency in a blockchain network in order to participate in its consensus mechanism and validate transactions. This is done in order to earn rewards or to gain voting power in the network. Staking is considered a way to incentivize long-term holding of cryptocurrency, as staked tokens cannot be used or transferred until they are released from the staking contract. It is also a way for individuals to participate in the governance and decision-making of a blockchain network, as stakers often have voting rights and can influence the direction of the network's development. While staking can provide attractive Returns over Investment knows as(ROI) It also come with some Risk that investors should be aware of, before taking such decisions. Risk involving staking cryptocurrency 1.Network attacks: One of the biggest risks of staking is the potential for network attacks. In order to participate in staking, investors must hold a certain amount of cryptocurrency in a wallet and use that currency to validate transactions on the network. This means that if a malicious actor gains control of enough cryptocurrency to meet the staking requirements, they could potentially manipulate the network for their own gain. 2.Problems of Slashing: Another risk of staking is the possibility of slashing. Slashing occurs when a validator fails to follow the rules of the network or engages in malicious behavior, and as a result, loses a portion of their staked cryptocurrency. This penalty can be significant, and can even result in a total loss of the staked funds. 3.Market Volatility: staking also comes with the risk of market volatility. The value of the cryptocurrency being staked can fluctuate rapidly, which can affect the value of the rewards earned through staking. This means that investors may end up with less value than they initially invested, depending on market conditions. 4.Operational Risk: s

Blockchain technology has the potential to revolutionize the way Nigeria politics operates. Blockchain technology has the advantage and ability to revolutionize the way we think about politics and governance. By creating a decentralized and transparent system for recording and verifying transactions, blockchain can help to reduce corruption and increase trust in political institutions.  Here are some potential applications of blockchain technology in Nigeria politics: Transparent voting systems: Blockchain technology can be used to create a transparent and secure voting system that is resistant to fraud and manipulation. Each vote would be recorded on a blockchain, which would prevent tampering and ensure that every vote is counted. Digital identity verification: Blockchain technology can be used to create a secure and decentralized system for verifying the identity of voters. This would help prevent voter fraud and ensure that only eligible voters are allowed to cast their votes. Secure fundraising: Blockchain technology can be used to create a transparent and secure system for political fundraising. Donations could be recorded on a blockchain, which would prevent fraud and ensure that all donations are accounted for. Secure and transparent contract management: Blockchain technology can be used to create a secure and transparent system for managing contracts in Nigeria politics. This would prevent corruption and ensure that all contracts are executed fairly and transparently. Tamper-proof record-keeping: Blockchain technology can be used to create a tamper-proof system for record-keeping in Nigeria politics. This would prevent tampering and ensure that all records are accurate and up-to-date. In conclusion, blockchain technology has the capability to bring about significant changes in Nigeria politics.  However, it is important to ensure that the technology is implemented in a way that is transparent, secure, and accessible to all. Additionally, it

DeFi, short for Decentralized Finance, has emerged as a revolutionary solution to some of the problems plaguing the traditional financial system. Decentralized Finance (DeFi) is indeed a fast-growing revolution in the world of finance. DeFi refers to a new financial system built on decentralized blockchain technology that aims to provide financial services in a trustless, transparent, and permissionless manner. One of the main advantages of DeFi is that it eliminates the need for intermediaries like banks and financial institutions, which reduces transaction fees and increases access to financial services. With DeFi, users have full control over their assets, and they can access financial services such as lending, borrowing, trading, and staking directly on the blockchain without relying on intermediaries. The growth of DeFi has been staggering, with the total value locked in DeFi protocols reaching over $200 billion in 2021, up from just $1 billion in early 2020. This growth has been driven by a number of factors, including the increased adoption of blockchain technology, the rise of cryptocurrencies, and the growing demand for decentralized financial services. DeFi has also been able to attract a lot of attention from investors, with venture capital firms pouring millions of dollars into DeFi startups and projects. This investment has helped to fuel the development of new DeFi protocols and applications, which has further contributed to the growth of the DeFi ecosystem. As a new revolution in financial institutions there is a high tendency for Decentralized finance to  face many challenges. The are the militating factor that slow down the adoption rate of decentralized finance. Smart Contract Vulnerabilities: DeFi applications are powered by smart contracts, which are self-executing contracts that are written in code. If there is an error in the code or a vulnerability in the smart contract, it can be exploited by attackers, resulting in the loss of fund

Agriculture has long been  considered the backbone of many economies around the world. The sector plays a vital role in not only providing food and fiber for our daily needs but also creating jobs and generating income for farmers and rural communities. Despite this, the wealth in agriculture has often been overlooked and underutilized. In recent years, however, there has been a growing recognition of the potential that agriculture holds for driving economic growth and reducing poverty. This has led to increased investment in the sector, as governments and private sector players seek to unlock the full potential of farming. According to recent research,It is revealed that many developed and underdeveloped countries that depends on agriculture products are generating larger percentage of there country revenue.In some region agriculture is the primary source of income and sustenance,and entire economies are dependent on it.In this content,for the sake of clarity we will explore some of the countries that depends on agriculture for survival. India India is the world's second-most populous country and is highly dependent on agriculture, which employs around 50% of the population. The country is one of the largest producers of rice, wheat, cotton, and sugarcane. The agriculture sector contributes around 18% of India's GDP and is a vital source of foreign exchange earnings. China China is the world's most populous country and is also heavily reliant on agriculture. Agriculture accounts for around 10% of China's GDP and employs around 25% of the workforce. The country is the largest producer of rice, wheat, and vegetables globally, and agriculture is crucial to China's food security. Brazil Brazil is the largest country in South America and is also a significant agricultural producer. Agriculture accounts for around 5% of Brazil's GDP and employs around 15% of the workforce. The country is the world's largest producer of coffee, sugarcane, soybeans, and orange ju

Biotechnology also known as Agritech is the application of scientific techniques to manipulate and modify living organisms, with the aim of improving their usefulness to humans. Biotechnology has a wide range of applications in agriculture, from improving crop yield and quality to creating new varieties that are resistant to pests and diseases. One of the most well-known applications of biotechnology in agriculture is genetically modified crops.  Genetically modified crops are plants that have had their genetic material modified to enhance specific traits, such as pest resistance, drought tolerance, and higher yields. One example of a genetically modified crop is Bt cotton, which has been genetically engineered to produce a protein that is toxic to the bollworm, a common pest that damages cotton crops. This allows farmers to reduce the amount of insecticides they use, which can be harmful to both the environment and human health. Another example of a modified crop is golden rice, which has been genetically engineered to produce beta-carotene, a precursor to vitamin A. This can help address vitamin A deficiency in countries where rice is a staple food and can prevent blindness and other health problems. Another most significant advances in biotechnology is genetic engineering, which involves the manipulation of an organism's DNA. In agriculture, genetic engineering has been used to create crops that are resistant to herbicides and pests, as well as crops that are more nutritious and can be grown in adverse environmental conditions. Biotechnology is also used in the production of animal vaccines, to improve animal health, and in the development of more efficient and environmentally sustainable farming practices. Biotechnology has the potential to help feed a growing global population while reducing the environmental impact of agriculture. However, there are also concerns about the potential risks associated with biotechnology, such as the development of new p

Artificial intelligence (AI) is a branch of computer science. It involves developing computer programs to complete tasks which would otherwise require human intelligence. AI algorithms can tackle learning, perception, problem-solving, language-understanding or logical reasonings. Artificial intelligence (AI) is a set of technologies that enable computers to perform a variety of advanced functions, including the ability to see, understand and translate spoken and written language, analyze data and make recommendations. A machine can be made to behave like a human using emerging technology.  The year 1955 is marked as the beginning of Artificial Intelligence.AI  machines can perform the following functions: to think like humans, works on the basis of provided codes and programs, making human life easier and more pleasurable. AI presents many advantages and applications in a variety of areas as enumerated above. Cybersecurity being one of the application of AI With fast-evolving cyberattacks and rapid multiplication of devices happening today, AI and machine learning can help to keep alongside with cybercriminals, automate threat detection, and respond more effectively than conventional software-driven or manual techniques. The cyberattack surface in modern enterprise environments is massive, and it’s continuing to grow rapidly. This means that analyzing and improving an organization’s cybersecurity posture needs more than mere human intervention. AI and machine learning are now becoming essential to information security, as these technologies are capable of swiftly analyzing millions of data sets and tracking down a wide variety of cyber threats — from malware menaces to shady behavior that might result in a phishing attack. In the future, cybersecurity will be a top priority for every company, and the cybersecurity industry is expected to grow by 44% in the next five years. As the industry grows, it will require more professionals and companies to hire

Hackers are generally termed as a criminal activity in the mind of most people.Hackers are extremely talented in exploiting software vulnerabilities or weak security practices. They do this to gain unauthorized access or even sometimes to inject malware that would crumple the entire system of an organisation mainly for personal gain .In contrary,A hacker is ideally a person who is skilled in information technology. He uses his technical knowledge to overcome an obstacle or sometimes even achieve a goal within a computerized system highly skilled in breaching securities to gain unauthorized access to phones, tablets, computers, IoT devices, networks, or the networking system of an entire organization. They are generally very proficient in exploiting weaknesses in network security. The intent behind hacking is what sets the hackers apart. The knowledge is used for harming individuals or governments or for personal gain, which makes hackers dangerous. The types of hacker attacks vary from organization to organization. The intensity and type of attack are dependent on the hackers’ ability to find the loophole and penetrate the security system. Information is widely available over the internet.  Keen individuals can learn and adapt to them immediately.This has therefore put a lot of pressure on all organizations to always be up to date with their Cybersecurity precautions.Though this kind of shift in working has reduced the physical burden on workers it has also increased the chances of data theft.  People involved in stealing data or harming the systems are knowledgeable people with wrong intentions known as Hackers. It is an insult to the body of cybersecurity when we fail to discern the right from the wrong hackers. WHITE HAT HACKER White hat hackers are types of hackers who are professionals trained in cybersecurity. They are authorized or certified to hack the systems. These set of hackers work for governments or organizations by getting into the syste

Cybersecurity first emerged in the year 1987. Although various people claim to have created the first antivirus program prior to 1987.This marked the beginning of commercial antivirus programs with the release of Anti4us and Flushot Plus. Cybersecurity is a distinct field throughout the 1960s and 1970s and became popular in the public in the year 1987, after a series of events that highlighted just how vulnerable a lack of security could be in the society. Continuing to grow throughout the 1990s, cybersecurity is now an essential part of modern life. Cybersecurity include both threats and response to those threats. Cyber criminals now have more innovative ways to perform more devastating attacks. This  made companies to improve their cybersecurity techniques. With the evolution of cloud and IoT devices. Cyber security refers to the body of technologies, processes, and practices designed to protect networks, devices, programs, and data from attack, damage, or unauthorized access.  Cyber security may also be referred to as information technology security (IT) security, cybersecurity measures are designed to combat threats against networked systems and applications, whether those threats originate from either within or outside of an organization. The rate of increase in cyber attacks in this early millenium surpasses the occurrence in the  time of innovation. More than ever, cybercriminals has improve in a variety of devices and software vulnerabilities to exploit. As technology evolved, so did the threat that came with widespread innovation. In 2003, the Department of Homeland Security established the National Cyber Security Division in response to cyberattacks and the lack of an effective method to prevent them. This was the first U.S. Government force dedicated to cybersecurity and reflected the concerns at the time.As at 2010, variety of Cybercrime incidence threatened not only national security but the global network. Some notable archetypes of cy

Cyberattacks are on the rise, and they have been a growing concern over a long period of time now. What’s even more worrying is the rates at which cyberattacks are increasing sporadically year after year. In fact, Africa are among the hardest hit by data breaches and cyber attacks. This has caused more threat and create fear into the mind of many individuals and organisations in the adoption of cybersecurity in Africa. Such attacks has been traced to: Malware. Malicious software (malware) is a program designed to perform harmful actions. Ransomware.  Fileless Attacks.  DoS and DDoS Attacks. Phishing.  Account Takeover. MitM Attacks.  Just to mention a few among others. Therefore,they are some factors that has been identified to have been the militating factors that is affecting the adoption and effectiveness of cybersecurity in many African country. LACK OF CYBERSECURITY AWARENESS AMONGST EMPLOYEES/STAFF: Believe it or not, when it comes to an organisation’s cybersecurity, the weakest link is the members of staff in the organisation. Phishing attacks, which is the highest threats make more than 80% of total cybersecurity incidents, commonly target unsuspecting employees. In addition to this, employees sometimes may end up sharing sensitive data with unintended recipients. Now, with most employees working from home and using unprotected networks and devices for work E.g public wifi, it’s now more important than ever to impart cybersecurity awareness training on the employee.which may include how to: ★Recognise phishing attempts ★use secured network connections and devices practice  ★proper work hygiene (store passwords safely, avoid leaving work devices unattended etc.) ★handle sensitive data safely ★use strong passwords for their work-related accounts. VULNERABLE REMOTE WORKFORCE Even though most organisations have allowed their staff to work remotely, they are still unprepared against the kind of security breaches that can result from th

It no longer a new phenomenon that Cybercrime such as Email and internet fraud, Identity fraud (where personal information is stolen and used), Theft of financial or card payment data, Theft and sale of corporate data, Cyberextortion (demanding money to prevent a threatened attack), Ransomware attacks among others.cybercrime is criminal activity that either targets or uses a computer, a computer network or a networked device. Most cybercrime is committed by cybercriminals or hackers who want to make money. However, occasionally cybercrime aims to damage computers or networks for reasons other than profit. These  Cybercrime can be carried out by individuals or organizations. Some cybercriminals are organized, use advanced techniques and are highly technically skilled and expert. Thus, it is unsafe for the African continent to over look prevention and if possible eradication of Such criminal activities. Some of the prevention techniques are   USE ANTI-VIRUS SOFTWARES AND KEEP IT UPDATED: The mechanism of Using anti-virus or a comprehensive internet security solution like Kaspersky.Total Security is a smart way to protect your system from attacks. Anti-virus software allows you to scan, detect and remove threats before they become a problem. Having this protection in place helps to protect your computer and your data and information safe and secure. giving you peace of mind. Also ensure to  Keep your antivirus updated to receive the best level of protection. USE STRONG PASSWORDS: Be sure to use strong passwords that people will not get and guess easily and do not keep a record of your password in a place that is not safe and private.You can use a reputable password manager to generate strong passwords randomly to ease the stress. AVOID CLICKING A LINK FROM UNTRUSTED SOURCE: A large number of individuals and organisations data has been hijacked by cybercriminal through clicking on links in spam emails or other messages, or unfamiliar websites. Av

In the modern world today, Africa is not to be underated and undervalued when its come in to Technology advancement. The rate of technology application,its usefulness, importance and methods in problem solving in the modern world   cannot be over emphasize. Many industries, Government, business and telecommunications company in Africa are only effective and performing its expected task as a result of proper functioning of cyber security. This entails the information that are confidential to this organisation are embedded in the company or industrial website as well as access to personal and confidential informations.Even to say that the financial stability and security of an individual or group of companies Also lies on the website. Hence there is an urge to study and  understand the benefits of protecting  individual and organisational data from from being hijacked by scammers, terrorist and other cyber criminals. Benifits of cyber security in Africa. * Protection of network and data from unauthorised personality:An individual or organisation that are very Strict in the protection of network and data from unauthorised access are prone to be free from cyber attacks.spammers will usually find it difficult to access the portal, therefore nothing can be done with the network. *Improvement of confidence in the organisation:   improved confidence by the stakeholders and customer makes them to accept and trust and organisation with there resources and have a sense of control over there assets. They know your strengths and weakness well, and have a positive view of the organisation. This can be done by accepting criticism and working towards overcoming such obstacles. *Ensure business continuity: There is a life long or long duration of the business or industry in the business World. Business continuity is a business's level of readiness to maintain critical functions after an emergency or disruption. These events can include: Security b